A has a v-shaped valley, as can be seen in the background, where there are interlocking spurs. In the foreground the valley broadens out a little, but even here it is clear that the river is still eroding its bank and bed.

B has a broad, flat flood plain, although on the edge of this flood plain the valley sides rise more steeply. The river meanders across its flood plain, in the foreground of the sketch.

B is nearer to the mouth of the river. The evidence for this is that the stream in B seems to be broader and so it will be carrying a greater volume of water. Also flood plains are more common near the mouth, and V-shaped valleys, with interlocking spurs (see answer a) are more common in the mountain sections of rivers.

In the foreground of the sketch you can see that, on the outside of the bend, the river is undercutting the bank. Material is slipping down into the river, leaving a little river cliff. It is obviously eroding sideways.

The bed looks rough, and the river would be turbulent as it flowed over this, so it would erode. Even clearer evidence is provided by the V-shape in the distance. That shape always means that the river is eroding downwards.

The shape of the flood plain itself makes it badly drained. Water does not drain easily off a flat, or nearly flat surface.

The levées along the sides of the channel also interrupt the flow of water off the flood plain. It is clear that the tributary in the centre of the sketch has been diverted and cannot flow in to the river easily.

Silt, deposited by a river often contains fine clay particles. If the flood plain is made up of these the water will not be able to drain into the soil easily.

Sheep can survive in much more difficult conditions. In B the land is steep and the vegetation looks like rough grazing. Probably only sheep will be able to survive on this land. As it is high the weather is probably poor, with cold wet conditions in much of the year.

This area looks like it is near the town centre, because it is crowded with lots of high-rise flats in the middle ground and in the background. There also looks to be a fly-over between these two housing areas. Inner-city housing areas were often developed in the 1960s and 1970s. These flats are rather plain, and they look prefabricated, or ‘system built’, which were common at this time.

They are terraced houses. They are brick built with stone window and door frames. Each house has a small front garden and back yard. The back of each house has an extension that looks like it holds a kitchen and bathroom. There is also a fire escape. This suggests that upstairs might be a separate flat. Also the two front doors side by side support this theory.

(These terraced upstairs/downstairs flats are known as ‘Tyneside flats’ in this area.)

The neat, uniform extensions at the back make the flats look as though they have all been renovated together. In many areas this sort of renovation of old housing stock was done in the 1980s and 1990s by housing associations.

(c)

Photo B shows a redeveloped inner-city area. I can tell this because it is more crowded than Photo E, which suggests that land is scarcer and more expensive. Also, in the background of B I can see some terraced houses, that look like typical old, inner-city housing that has not been cleared. Others were probably cleared to make space for the new housing. The open space and the views across to the hills in E both make this area look like it is on the edge of the town.

High-rise flats are not usually as popular as low-rise flats and houses because:

• they are less neighbourly because it is difficult to meet people who live in flats because they do not have gardens
• parents with children have nowhere to take them to play, which is bad for the children and they get under their parents’ feet
• the lifts in flats can break down, which cuts people off
• no-one owns the entrance areas, stairs and lifts of flats, so they are not cared for and get vandalised. They can also hide muggers
• old, 1960s flats often suffer from condensation and may be expensive to heat
• all the flats have at least some garden or open space to meet people, to play and to give people a sense of space and freedom